Late Ottoman Educational System in the Balkans in the Light of the Ijazahs

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  The study of ij?zah tradition, its history and its impact is somehow neglected by both Muslim and non-Muslim researchers and scholars alike.
  This significantly unique tradition of the Muslim educational system has a long history as it emerged and developed parallel to Islamic
  education itself, and was in practice for more than a millennium. However, after adapting the new educational system during the late
  19th century and throughout 20th century until the present, the tradition of granting ij?zah drastically began to decline and to extent became a
  part of history as it was practised among countable scholars, who express their will to keep this distinctive Muslim tradition alive. During the
  3rd century of Hijrah/9th century of C.E., this tradition had a strong impact to the higher learning institutions of Europe, where it is believed
  that granting diploma/license was the product of the Muslim tradition ofij?zah, but in terms of the form and content the former differed
  completely from the latter. Besides the central regions of the Muslim world, the ij?zah system appeared and practised extensively in the
  periphery, where this can be clearly seen in the regions of Southeast Asia and Southeast Europe. Though modern-day diploma replaced ij?zah,
  this practice is still alive in certain parts of these regions; however, it is not recognised officially by the government higher learning
  institutions. Up to this moment, this research managed to interview and discuss with number of ?ulam? who have been granted ij?zah from
  their preceding scholars from various countries of the Balkans.